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Wikinews:Style guide
From Wikinews, the free news source you can write!
The style guide deals with the ways Wikinews content is presented to the reader. See Wikinews:Content guide for information on the reporting process. See Help:ing for information on the wiki ing syntax.
Shortcut:
WN:SG
This article is part of the
Wikinews Policies and guidelines
Neutral Point of View
Policies and guidelines
Content guide
Style guide
Three revert rule
Cite sources
Original reporting
Accration policy
Deletion guidelines
Copyright
Fair use
Image use policy
Naming conventions
Username guidelines
Page protection policy
User blocking policy
Etiquette
Contents
//
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Purpose
The vast majority of news sources rely upon a stylebook, a collection of agreed-upon guidelines for writing style. A stylebook helps writers and ors by providing a standardized way of writing. Stylebooks help ensure consistency in such things as headlines, abbreviations, numbers, punctuation and courtesy titles.
A news style is developed with emphasis on efficient, and accurate imparting of information about events; and so following our news style suggestions should have the additional benefit of helping you get off the ground writing effectively, if you are a new writer.
The Wikinews style is aimed to allow quick understanding of Wikinews articles by the majority of readers, but nothing here is compulsory.
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Status
The Wikinews Stylebook, like all style guides at working news organizations, is a work in progress and subject to change as new issues emerge and the language of news coverage evolves.
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Conventions
Elements of punctuation and grammar are not addressed by exactly the same terms universally. There is no intention to be regionalist in this manual, however in the interests of causing the least confusion the following terms are used for clarity:
Period: This American term is used to describe full-stops wherever they might be used.
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Basic news writing
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Six tips on better writing
In the 1946 book, Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays, author George Orwell devised 6 easy tips to make anyone a better writer. To paraphrase him, they are:
Never use the passive voice when you can use the active voice
Shorter is better in sentences and paragraphs. If it is possible to remove a word from a sentence, cut it out.
Shorter is better in word choice. Never use a long word when a short word will do.
Do not confuse your reader with uncommon words. Never use foreign phrases, scientific jargon or high-tech "buzzwords" if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.
Never use cliché metaphors, similes or other figures of speech that you are used to seeing in print. Be original.
Be polite — even when you disagree. Break any of the above rules before you write anything offensive or outrageous. Avoid personal attacks, do not exaggerate the situation, and do not use sarcasm or hyperbole. Otherwise, you risk losing credibility in the eye of the reader.
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Headlines
When naming your article, keep the following points in mind.
It must be unique and specific - Due to the way the software of Wikinews works, each headline must be unique; choose specific details which describe this unique news event.
Short - Headlines are as short as possible.
Use verbs - A headline is at its essence a sentence without ending punctuation, and sentences have verbs.
Use downstyle capitalisation - Downstyle capitalisation is the preferred style. Only the initial word and proper nouns are capitalized. In upstyle headlines, all nouns and most other words with more than four letters are capitalized.
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- Downstyle: "Powell to lead U.S. delegation to Asian tsunami region"
- Upstyle: "Powell to Lead U.S. Delegation to Asian Tsunami Region".
Tell the most important and unique thing - Article titles should consist of a descriptive and enduring headline. As a series of stories on a topic develop, each headline should convey the most important and unique thing about the story at that time.
- For example, "Los Angeles bank robbed" is an unenduring headline because there will likely be another bank robbery in Los Angeles at some point. Instead, find the unique angle about the story you are writing and mention that: "Thieves commit largest bank robbery in Los Angeles history", or "Team of three robs Los Angeles bank, escapes on motorcycles".
Use present tense - Headlines should be written with verbs in present tense.
Use active voice - News is about events, and generally you should center on the doers, and what they are doing, in your sentence structure. Active voice is "Leader goes to shops" whereas passive voice, to be avoided, would be "Shops visited by leader".
- A quick check is try to word your sentences to avoid verbs ending in 'ing' and look for 'be verbs', eg 'are going to' can easily be converted to 'will' or simply 'to'. Rather than "More criminals are going to face execution in 2005", if we put "More criminals to face execution in 2005" or "More criminals face execution in 2005" a better sense of immediacy is conveyed.
Try to attribute any action to someone - "Insurgents shoot U.S. troops in North Baghdad" is better than "U.S. troops shot in North Baghdad".
Avoid jargon and meaningless acronyms - Avoid uncommon technical terms, and when referring to a country or organization, use its full name rather than acronym, unless the acronym is more common than the full name or length is prohibitive.
Use comma, not 'and' or '&' - Often the word 'and' may be substituted with a comma ','. Example: "Powell and Annan set international goals for aid" could be written: "Powell, Annan set international goals for aid"
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Using the Date and Dateline templates
Articles must include at least the date as the first line of the article. This is most easily accomplished using the date template , so the first line of each article should include this code:
- {{date|Month DD, YYYY}}
The template will add the article to the appropriate date category, and put the date on the first line in bold text. The date given on an article is should be of the day on which the article was published. The date on which the event happened is not the story's date.
In journalism, the location in the dateline may either refer to the location of where the article was filed from or where the event happened even if the writer was not physically present. It is up to the writer whether or not to use the dateline template:
- {{dateline|date=January 1, 2005|location=Mumbai, India}} Massive floods soaked ...
which appears like this in an article:
January 1, 2005
Mumbai, India – Massive floods soaked...
Wikinews does not sign articles as by an author. Articles may be ed by anyone, and are usually contributed to by more than one person, so a traditional byline is inappropriate.
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The first paragraph
The first paragraph should summarize the article in around 50 - 80 words, using one to three sentences.
Try to answer the questions of who, what, where, when, why and how. Try to fit most of these into the first paragraph. This is known as the "five W's ", and is the first thing to learn about News writing.
Don't feel stifled by this suggestion. Those experienced in reporting learn to determine which of those six questions are the most relevant to the story .
If you don't have the answer to one or two of them, skip it - but explain why you don't know later in your story.
Don't make your first paragraph a boring list of facts - it's the first thing the reader sees, so make it interesting.
Every fact or issue mentioned in the first paragraph should be later backed up or expanded in the main body of the article. This goes hand-in-hand with the very brief mention of facts in the first paragraph - you needn't explain everything fully in the intro, but what is mentioned should be fully explained before the reader finishes reading the article.
Do not feel compelled to finish the story completely yourself, but do try to avoid misleading or mystifying the reader. We can't help you write the story if we can't understand it.
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Writing tone and structure
Write to be easily understood, to make reading easier.
Beyond the first paragraph, try to stick to the following tips:
use brief paragraphs - between 30 and 80 words is considered acceptable in newspaper writing
each paragraph should be only one or two sentences
each paragraph covers a single topic only
concentrate on the new facts and their known or potential consequence - keep to bare minimum all background and plot details
most important and newsworthy facts first, with least important and least immediate facts last - this is opposite to development order in typical narratives, and is termed inverted-pyramid style
use plain English
use punchy, active language to intone a sense of immediacy
be balanced
be clear, concise and unambiguous
promote the human aspects of any story, using quotes etc - this makes the story interesting to a wider range of people
If you find your work is too wordy, try juggling word order, squeezing out unnecessary words. You may be surprised how many you can find! And it gets easier with practice. If not, don't worry, this is Wiki and other users may help you out.
The reason for inverted-pyramid style is twofold: One reason is to help the reader, who is usually in a hurry when reading news. Putting the important and new aspects first helps since they may skip the story after only a couple of paragraphs.
The second reason is to help people who are ing your story later. If more and more is added to the story it may become too long for a single article. In Wiki this is less of a factor, but we still like short punchy stories on Wikinews, not rambling essays.
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Attribution
Every factual claim made needs to be attributed within the story text so the reader knows where it is coming from, except from anything which can be considered "common knowledge". It is to be assumed that from the point where a given source is attributed, onwards, all facts mentioned emanate from that source, or are common knowledge, until another attribution is made.
Attribution is in addition to citation of references , and attributions should be readable without interrupting the flow of the text.
Attributions usually happen at the end of a sentence, eg "The car was at the top", said Doyle. "It fell over the cliff and burst into flames," according to Miller. Doyle said there had been five people on board.
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Verb tense
Articles should be written in the past tense or the present perfect. Headlines should be written in the present tense. Timelines also are written in the present tense.
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Reporting on future events
Since we as writers are not in the business of predicting the future and are not psychic , it is best to stick to past or present perfect tense - especially since future events may change . When writing about future or ongoing events, change tense as follows:
They will meet next Tuesday - change to: They are scheduled to meet next Tuesday or They said they would meet next Tuesday
The event will continue through the end of August - change to The event is scheduled to continue through August or The event is supposed to continue through August.
The show debuts in July 2012 or The show will open in July 2012 -- Change to The show's debut is scheduled for July 2012 or something similar.
The couple will celebrate their third anniversary next month - change to The couple plan to celebrate their third anniversary next month.
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Citing your references
Articles may include a variety links and citations. They generally fall into four categories: other Wikinews articles, external links to online sources, printed reference citations, and websites with background or related information. Each category can have its own section, but there should be a distinction at least between links to factual support and links to background websites. Usually the category sections would be See also, Sources, References, and External links
Documents used as source material in the story need to be cited. This is to acknowledge prior art, so that information can be evaluated and verified by readers, and just as a general benefit to the reader. A citation should provide the author, date, publication and title of a source for information in the story.
When referencing a story from a wire news agency that has been syndicated in another news source, we should identify the wire news agency as the publisher, not the carrying news media. Thus, a report written by the Associated Press that appears in The Guardian would be attributed to the Associated Press. The main syndication agencies are Associated Press , Reuters, and AFP.
You may of course link to the article wherever you like. Try to pick a site that you think will have the story available online for longer, if you have more than one choice.
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Sources section
Sources include online articles and, for original reporting, reporter's notes. Online articles may change, move, or be deleted, unlike References.
Links to online sources should be listed at the end of the article in a section labelled Sources using the wiki markup ==Sources==. Bullet-point each source using a *.
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Linking sources
Use links to online sources, and include important relevant information about the source.
The important information when citing a source includes the author of the article , the title of the source, who it is published by, and when it was published.
There exists template code which may help you in formatting the information, {{source | url=Web site address | title=Article title | author=Name of author | pub=Name of Publication or Source | date=Date as Month DD, YYYY}}. Simply copy and paste the template into your story text, and replace the text after the equals sign in each template variable assignment. If you do not know a variable, for example the author's name, include the variable name but leave it blank. Example:
- *{{source|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2005-02/15/content_2579436.htm | title=Second US missile defense test fails | author= |pub=Xinhua |date=February 15, 2005}}
- would appear as
Articles from news sites which are initially from a wire service should have the wire service added to the author's name, or just the wire service if no author is given. For example, "author=Anne Gearan, Associated Press".
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Numbered annotations
Academic-style numbered annotations are also acceptable. These may be created using wiki markup [URL], where the web site URL is copy-and-pasted, between two square-brackets. This should follow a space after the main text, and the sentence's period follows the citation, eg
- The policy itself has no time limit, and is reviewed on "a weekly basis" [1].
Occasionally both the publication is mentioned and a specific link is provided.
- ...the Office of Fake Statistics estimates the cost of living has risen 3.75% in the past year [2].
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References section
You should still cite the source fully, even if you cannot give a URL.
Books should be cited with Author, Title, Publisher, copyright or publication year, and ISBN if known.
Articles in periodicals should be cited with Author, Title of article, Name of the periodical, the year, volume and issue number, and the page number of the article.
An example:
Tony Stubblebine "Regular Expression Pocket Reference" O'Reilly and Associates, © 2003 ISBN 0-596-00415-X
Elizabeth M. Saewyc "Nursing Theories of Caring: A paradigm for adolescent nursing practice" Journal of Holistic Nursing 2000, vol. 18 #2, pp 114-128
If there is no online example of the reference you are looking at, a relevant selection of the reference may be quoted in the notes and a link provided in the references section.
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Related stories section
Events may produce a variety of articles on Wikinews with different angles or cover different aspects of the events or current events may benefit from being directed to a past story or two on a similar topic. Articles with a strong regional or topical focus may be related to many other articles on Wikinews as well. A useful tool for news readers is to include a selection of recent articles related to the event, region, or topic of your article.
Such should be in a bulleted list, and placed in chronological order with the most recent on top. Using the Wikinews template as so:
- *{{Wikinews|title=Massive star cluster found in Milky Way|date=March 26, 2005}}
And here it is in use:
Related stories
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External links section
Sites listed in the external links are not endorsed by Wikinews, and Wikinews is not responsible for them. Wikinews cannot control what is kept on the pages linked to, either, and there is always a risk a linked-to site might place inappropriate or irrelevant material on the page linked to, or redirect browsers to a different inappropriate or irrelevant page. For these reasons, external links should not be included without good reason.
Link to a central, relevant page, not multiple pages on a single website. Use a small number of external links which are representative of various points of view; do not create comprehensive link lists.
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Detailed style issues
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Abbreviations
Abbreviations and contractions are handled differently by different dialects of English, and there is no set rule regarding them other than to be consistent throughout the article, and the original contributor's style choice is preferred.
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Spelling
Spelling is an issue which often becomes contentious since there are multiple contradictory standards available, for example, American and British English. On Wikinews there is no specific policy other than to use a consistent spelling pattern throughout an article. Follow the spelling patterns of the subject of the article or that of the first author of the article to avoid issues.
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Numbers
Generally, whole numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 10 are spelled out in long form: zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine and ten. Numbers larger than ten should be written using numerical notation, such as "11" for eleven and "247" instead of two hundred forty-seven.
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Sequential numbers
Numbers indicating sequence follow the primary guideline for other numbers. Spell out first through tenth, but use numerals beginning at 11th and continuing through 23rd to 251st and beyond.
- Note: See how twenty-third is written "23rd" – not as "23d."
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Large numbers
The decimal can be used to spell out large fractional numbers such as one and one-half million to be "1.5 million" instead of "1,500,000."
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Currency Codes
It is best to avoid lingo or specialized monetary or financial jargon that is not in common, everyday use among the general population. Currency codes as listed in the ISO 4217 standard, although technically accurate, are not readily identifiable by most readers. Because of this, it may be best to spell out the name of the currency instead of relying upon the official currency code. This allows maximum understanding for the maximum number of readers. For example, almost everyone will understand what "1,000 Iraqi dinars" means as opposed to the ISO equivalent, "IQD1,000."
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Currency Symbols
To aid the reader, all monetary denominations not addressed below should be spelled out or prefixed with a currency code instead of using a symbol . Wikipedia includes a list of currency codes.
For the dollar, pound, and euro, you may choose to use a symbol instead of using a code.
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$ - Use of the dollar symbol
For dollars, only the "$" is used. Do not use the cent symbol.
- One dollar and twenty-five cents is written as: $1.25
- Twenty-five cents is written as: $0.25
Since the U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand and many other countries all use "dollars," it is appropriate to label the type of dollar unless it is obvious from the article's dateline. Appropriate country-specific dollar notation is as follows:
AU$1.25 -
CA$1.25 -
NZ$1.25 -
US$1.25 -
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£ - Use of the pound symbol
For pounds, only the "£" is used. If you cannot find this symbol on your keyboard, you may either use the HTML code: £ or the words "pound" or "pounds" instead of the symbol.
- One pound, twenty-five is written as: £1.25
- Twenty-five pence is written as: £0.25
There is no need to distinguish the Great Britain Pound from other forms of currency. It is assumed that when pounds are used, they are GBP unless otherwise noted.
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€ - Use of the euro symbol
For euro, only the "€" is used. Do not use the cent symbol. If you cannot find this symbol on your keyboard, you may either use the HTML code: € or the word "euro" after the number figure instead of the symbol.
- One euro and twenty-five cents is written as: €1.25
- Twenty-five euro cents is written as: €0.25
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Date and Time
When referencing when something happened or when something is scheduled to happen, use the following formats:
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Dates
Wikinews style is to list the month, followed by the day of the month, optionally followed by the year. Single-digit days of the month should not be prefixed by a zero. Thus, for example:
Jan. 3
January 3
January 3, 2005
Do not use "rd", "nd", "st" or "th" in a date. Years, when present, must be separated from the date with a comma.
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Month abbreviation
Months are to be spelled out unless grouped with a specific numerical date:
Jan. for January
Feb. for February
Mar. for March
Apr. for April
May
June
July
Aug. for August
Sept. for September
Oct. for October
Nov. for November
Dec. for December
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Time
Time should be written in the 12-hour form. For articles referring to areas that normally tell the time in a 24-hour clock , time may be written in 24-hour time followed by the equivalent 12-hour time in parenthesis: ex: "18:30 ". Although this may seem like extra work for the writer, it is best to remember that Wikinews's stylebook intent is ease of understanding for the reader, not to enforce strict technical regional accuracy.
Morning hours before noon and after midnight are designated as "a.m." - both lowercase with periods.
Hours after noon and before midnight are "p.m." Again, lowercase with periods.
Times at exactly one o'clock or eight o'clock are to be written as "1 p.m." and "8 p.m." respectively, not "1:00 p.m." or "8:00 p.m." since the 00s are redundant.
First exception: times of exactly 12 noon are called "noon" and 12 midnight are called "midnight" - neither is referred to as "12 a.m." or "12 p.m."
Second exception: times provided in UTC should be written in 24-hour form, with a "UTC" suffix indicating the time base: ex: "22:00 UTC".
Improper time examples
6:00 a.m. [should be 6 a.m.]
7 o'clock in the evening [should be 7 p.m.]
12 a.m. [should be "noon" or "midnight"]
5:45 PM [should be 5:45 p.m.]
15:37 [should be "15:37 " or "3:37 p.m."]
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Names of people and organizations
On the first mention of a person in a story, write the person's organization, title, and full name. Try to include a Wikipedia link to their organization and name.
- When asked his opinion, American Association of Puppy Lovers President John Doe said puppies were fun and cute.
On subsequent mentions, mention only the person's last name without it being a wikilink.
- Puppies should be treated with respect and well-groomed, Doe added.
If this person has not been mentioned for a few paragraphs, use a shortened title on the next use to remind the reader.
- AAPL President Doe later responded by...
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When a person is first mentioned as the source of a quote.
When dealing with cited quotes, a different rule applies. Here, the order of importance is as follows: "Quoted text," Full name, Organization , said. After that the same rules as above apply. An example:
- "Puppies are fun and cute," John Doe, American Association of Puppy Lovers president, said.
On subsequent mentions, mention only the person's last name without it being a wikilink.
- Puppies should be treated with respect and well-groomed, Doe added.
If this person has not been mentioned for a few paragraphs, use a shortened title on the next use to remind the reader.
- AAPL President Doe later responded by...
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People's titles in general
Here, again there is a difference between British and American traditions. Either tradition is acceptable, but whatever system is adopted for an individual article, it should be consistent throughout the story.
For titles other than Mr., Ms., Mrs., Dr., please spell the title in full on the first mention, although subsequent mentions may be abbreviated.
When a person has a title, general rules for capitalization are:
If the title is part of the name , it is capitalized. Example: Governor Jane Smith of Milliana.
If the title is descriptive, listed after their name, it is lowercase. Example: Jane Smith, governor of Milliana.
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British-style titles
On subsequent mentions of a person, use of first name only, is in many cases considered too informal. It is wise to err on the side of flattery, rather than offend someone you are writing about. The convention used in British press is to provide most people with a title when not using their full name.
So "John Smith" when referred to later in the story becomes "Mr. Smith", not "John".
But the following exceptions are generally observed.
convicted criminals, authors: use last name only
children, entertainers, sports-folk: use first name only
royalty and anointed positions: use title plus first name, eg "Lady Catherine", "Prince Charles"
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American-style titles
On subsequent mentions of a person, use of first name only, is in many cases considered too informal. The convention used in most American press is to refer to people by their last name only. The exception is when they have a title that is relevant to their credibility.
So "John Smith" when referred to later in the story becomes "Smith," not "John." The use of "Mr. Smith" is sometimes viewed as overly formal, but is acceptable.
If "John Smith" is a physician, then he is referred to as "Dr. Smith" on second reference. The same applies to "Gen. Smith," "Gov. Smith" and "Judge Smith."
Some exceptions generally observed in American-style press where first-name-only reference is used on second and subsequent references:
children
two or more individuals with the same last name
When writing about royalty, American press traditionally does not follow British protocol for royals who are not heads of state or their immediate family. Here Wikinews differs in that we do honor the protocol common in the country of origin of the royalty mentioned. For British royalty, refer to the British-style titles section.
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Acronyms instead of full names
On the first mention of a body with a proper acronym or contraction, use a Wikipedia-linked full name. If you wish to use an acronym later in the article, then place the acronym to be used parenthesis directly after the first mention, where the full name is used.
- The European Union decided Tuesday that...
Thereafter, use its appropriate acronym/contraction without a wikilink. Full capitalization of acronyms is standard.
- EU President José Manuel Barroso said...
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Names of publications and articles
Please italicise names of publications and articles mentioned, including web site names. Don't put web addresses into articles.
When the publication is something like The Boston Globe, note that 'The' is capitalised.
When using a common, shortened form, such as calling The Boston Globe simply the Globe.
Always use the full name of the publication on the first mention, not a contracted name. Unlike with acronyms, there is no need to explicitly define the contracted form in brackets after the first mention of the full name.
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Wiki links within an article
Do not over-wikify articles. Link only particularly relevant background material. If your article is about a high-speed chase and accident, the make and colour of the vehicle is probably not particularly relevant, but the city or region might be.
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Locations, geography
Make links for regions and countries to the Wikinews region or country, not to the Wikipedia articles for same. Wikinews readers' primary interest is in further news, and should be directed to other news articles rather than non-news technical information unless it is particularly relevant to the news story. In situations where the Wikipedia information is necessary for clarity, try to link to both Wikipedia and the Wikinews pages. For example:
- Japan's parliament, the Diet, requested...
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Dates
Do not link to dates on Wikipedia. If you choose to link to a date on Wikinews, link either to the date archive or to the date category.
Archive: [[Wikinews:2005/April/1|April 1, 2005]] results in April 1, 2005
Category: [[:Category:April 1, 2005|April 1, 2005]] results in April 1, 2005
- Note the leading colon; this prevents your article from being listed in date category you are linking to. Without the colon you will not get a visible link, but the article will be listed in the category under the title "April 1, 2005", which is probably not what you are intending to do.
For a list of the most essential categories, see User:CGorman/Categories.
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Adding images or other pictures
When including pictures with Wikinews stories, they must abide to the Wikicommons guidelines, namely copyrighted or trademarked images may not be used.
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Using the Wikinews image template for articles
The most important reason why pictures are used in Wikinews stories is to help convey a clearer or more complete message for the reader. All images must be relevant to the story in which they are included. If this is unclear, then the relevancy must be detailed in a caption. The following code is for including a story image with a caption that you may cut-and-paste into your stories:
[[Image:PICTURE NAME HERE.EXT|thumb|250px|CAPTION HERE]]
This file image of the Pleiades star cluster does not show the recent Westerlund 1 discovery, but is used to illustrate what a star cluster looks like. Source: NASA
So, in the instance of the following code, the Massive star cluster found in Milky Way Wikinews article, the picture to the right was the result:
[[Image:Pleiades large.jpg|250px|right|thumb|This file image of the [[w:Pleiades|Pleiades]] star cluster does not show the recent Westerlund 1 discovery, but is used to illustrate what a star cluster looks like. ''Source: [[w:NASA|NASA]]'']]
- NOTICE
- It is very important when using file photographs or symbols such as flags or logos to explain what they are and why they are included to provide relevancy. Do not assume that the reader will automatically know a flag image included in a story or if the flag belongs to any particular country.
Also, when using file images, it is important to point out that the image predates the event of the story and is not a representation of actual events that are being reported on. This full disclosure ensures that readers will not be confused by images included with Wikinews text.
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Image captions
Image captions should be made of complete sentences. At the end of the caption, the original source of the image should be revealed and written in italic print to offset it from the rest of the caption.
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Wikinews Categories
You should add category tags at the bottom of each article. For a complete guide of Wikinews Categories see Wikinews:Categories and topic pages.
The Wikinews date and dateline templates automatically add the date category to your article, linking it to a list of all articles from that date.
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Style issues not covered by this guide
If you have a journalism style question which is not answered by this guide, please refer to one of the below professional online style guides. You also may want to visit the Wikinews:Water cooler for specific guidance on complex issues.
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See also
Retrieved from "http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikinews:Style_guide"
Categories: January 1, 2005 | Wikinews
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